Medical professionals and anatomy students can use these flash cards to learn about muscles.
There are 62 flash cards in this set (11 pages to print.)
To use:
1. Print out the cards.
2. Cut along the dashed lines.
3. Fold along the solid lines.
Sample flash cards in this set:
| Questions | Answers |
|---|---|
| muscle fibers | skeletal and smooth muscle cells; elongated |
| skeletal muscle tissue | packaged into the skeletal muscles, organs that attach to and cover the skeleton |
| voluntary muscle | subject to conscious control |
| cardiac muscle tissue | occurs only in the heart, where it constitutes the bulk of the heart walls |
| smooth muscle tissue | found in the walls of hollow visceral organs, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages |
| excitability; responsiveness (of muscle) | ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus by changing its membrane potential |
| contractability | ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated |
| extensibility | the ability to extend or stretch |
| elasticity | the ability of a muscle cell to recoil and resume its resting length after stretching |
| epimysium | outside of the muscle; an "overcoat" of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle |
| perimysium | layer of dense irregular connective tissue "around the muscle" |
| endomysium | "within the muscle"; a wispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber |
| origin | attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contractions |
| insertion | movable attachment of muscle |
| direct; fleshy attachments | the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of a bone or perichondrium of a cartilage |
| indirect attachments | the muscles connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle |
| tendon | cord of dense irregular connective tissue attaching muscle to bone |
| aponeurosis | fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves |
| sarcolemma | the plasma membrane of muscle fiber |
| sarcoplasm | the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
| myofibrils | rodlike bundle of contractile filaments found in muscle fibers |
| striations | stripe like visual features found in skeletal muscle; consist of alternating light and dark striations that can be observed using just a simple light microscope |
| sarcomere | the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one z disc to the next |
| myofilament | filament that constitutes myofibrils of two types; actin and myosin |
| actin | a cytoskeletal element; a contractile protein of muscle |
| myosin | one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle |
| A bands | region of a striated muscle sarcomere that contains myosin thick filaments |
| I bands | region of a striated muscle sarcomere that contains thin filaments |
| Z disc/line | defines the boundaries of a muscle sarcomere |
| thick filaments | bipolar polymers and the protein myosin is its major component approximately 16nm |
| think filaments | a type of myofilament that is made up of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin molecules; approximately 7-9nm in diameter |
| cross bridges | the globular head of a myosin molecule; projects from a myosin filament in muscle and in the sliding filament hypothesis of muscle contraction is held to attach temporarily to an adjacent actin filament and draw it into the A band of a sarcomere between the myosin filaments |
| tropomyosin | a fibrous protein extractable from muscle |
| troponin | group of proteins found in skeletal and heart (cardiac) muscle fibers that regulate muscular contraction |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells |
| T tubules | also called transverse tubules; extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the centre of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells |
| contraction | to shorten or develop tension, an ability highly developed in muscle cells |
| sliding filament model of contraction | proposed mechanism of muscle contraction where the actin & myosin filaments of striated muscle slide over each other to shorten the length of the muscle fibers; myosin-binding sites on the actin filaments are exposed when calcium ions bind to troponin molecules in these filaments |
| action potential | a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is propagated along the membrane of a muscle cell or an axon of a neuron |
| neuromuscular junction | also called motor end plate; region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cells |
| axon terminal | the bulbous distal ending of the terminal branches of an axon where neurotransmitters are released |
| synaptic cleft | fluid-filled space at the synapse |
| motor end plate | also called the neuromuscular junction; region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cells |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings |
| synaptic vesicles | small membranous sacs containing neurotransmitter |
| ACh receptors | a membrane protein that binds to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| acetylcholinesterase | (AChE) enzyme that degrades acetylcholine and terminates its action at the neuromuscular junction and synapses |
| refractory period | period of time during which an organ or cell is incapable of repeating a particular action |
| motor unit | a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates |
| muscle twitch | the response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus |
| latent period | the first period of a simple muscle contraction, being the interval between the stimulus being applied and the contraction occurring, usually around 0.01 seconds; the period from adsorption to the onset of cell lysis during bacteriophage development |
| graded muscle responses | normal muscle contraction is more sustained, and it can be modified by input from the nervous system to produce varying amounts of force |
| temporal summation | summation in the nervous system in which a single presynaptic neuron involves in the production of multiple subthresholds over a period of time |
| recruitment; multiple motor unit summation | activation of additional motor units to accomplish an increase in contractile strength in a muscle |
| threshold stimuli | weakest stimulus capable of producing a response in an excitable tissue |
| muscle tone | low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to act |
| creatine phosphate (CP) | compound that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle tissue |
| glycolysis | breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid- an anaerobic process |
| lactic acid | product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle |
| aerobic respiration | respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products |
| muscle fatigue | reduced capacity of a muscle to perform work as a result of repeated contractions and accumulation of lactic acid in anaerobic cell respiration |
| oxygen debt | state that arises in very active muscles when insufficient oxygen is supplied by the lungs, causing the muscle tissue to respire anaerobically with the production of lactic acid |
